Background:
High levels of uric acid are associated with greater risk of stress-related cardiovascular illnesses that occur disproportionately among African Americans. Whether hyperuricemia affects biological response to acute stress remains largely unknown, suggesting a need to clarify this potential connection. The current study examined how salivary uric acid (sUA) is associated with resting and reactive blood pressure – two robust predictors of hypertension and related cardiovascular disease and disparity. Healthy African Americans (N = 107; 32% male; M age = 31.74 years), completed the Trier Social Stress Test to induce social-evaluative stress. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings were recorded before, during, and after the task to assess resting and reactive change in blood pressure. Participants also provided a saliva sample at baseline that was assayed for sUA. At rest, and controlling for age, sUA was modestly associated with higher systolic (r = .201, p = .044), but not diastolic (r = .100, p = .319) blood pressure. In response to the stressor task, and once again controlling for age, sUA was also associated with higher total activation of both systolic (r = .219, p = .025) and diastolic blood pressure (r = .198, p < .044). A subsequent moderation analysis showed that associations between sUA and BP measures were significant for females, but not for males. Findings suggest that uric acid may be implicated in hypertension and cardiovascular health disparities through associations with elevated blood pressure responses to acute social stress, and that low levels of uric acid might be protective, particularly for females.
Stress physiology and memory for emotional information: Moderation by individual differences in pubertal hormones.
Background:
In contrast to a large body of work concerning the effects of physiological stress reactivity on children’s socioemotional functioning, far less attention has been devoted to understanding the effects of such reactivity on cognitive, including mnemonic, functioning. How well children learn and remember information under stress has implications for a range of educational, clinical, and legal outcomes. We evaluated 8-14 year olds’ (N = 94, 50 female) memory for negative, neutral, and positive images. Youth had seen the images a week previously as a part of a laboratory stress task. At encoding and retrieval, and in between, youth provided saliva samples that were later assayed for cortisol, salivary α amylase (sAA), testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Overall, higher cortisol reactivity to the lab task predicted enhanced memory for emotional but not neutral images. However, cortisol further interacted with pubertal hormones (testosterone and DHEA) to predict memory. Among girls with lower pubertal hormone levels, greater cortisol reactivity was associated with enhanced memory for negative information, whereas among boys with higher pubertal hormone levels, cortisol reactivity was associated with enhanced memory for positive information. sAA, was unrelated to memory. Overall, our findings reveal that individual differences in hormone levels associated with pubertal development have implications for our understanding of how stress-responsive biological systems directly and interactively influence cognitive outcomes.
Employment Opportunity: Research Assistant/Coordinator position in the Developing Brains Laboratory at UC Irvine.
Director: Dr. Kristina Uban, and in association with Public Health, IISBR and FIBRE.
The Developing Brains Laboratory is seeking a part-time (40% effort at 16 hours per week for first year, with potential for promotion to full-time Lab Manager in Years 2-3) research assistant to facilitate the launch of Dr. Uban’s research program at UCI.
Applicants with the following skill set are encouraged to apply:
Preferred experience:
- Clinical experience with children and adolescents (preferably with developmental disabilities).
- Highly organized, independent and self-motivated
- Confident in performing & reporting descriptive statistics of collected data
- Strong statistical modeling background (hierarchical regression, linear mixed-modeling, exploratory statistics, mediation/moderation models)
- Background in MRI acquisition and/or processing
- Previous research experience
- Able to navigate Internal Review Board applications
- Experience with programming (preferably R)
Contact to apply or for more information:
Kristina A Uban, PhD
Assistant Professor, Public Health
University of California Irvine
—
Email: kuban[at]uci.edu
Office: AIRB 2074, 949-824-9577
Justice for all? Beliefs about justice for self and others and telomere length in African Americans.
Background:
OBJECTIVE: Believing in justice can protect health. Among marginalized racial minorities however, both endorsing and rejecting beliefs about justice might be critical. The current research examined links between African Americans’ beliefs about justice for self and for others and telomere length (TL)-an indicator of biological aging that is increasingly implicated in racial health disparities, with shorter telomeres indicating poorer health.
METHOD: Healthy African Americans (N = 118; 30% male; M age = 31.63 years) completed individual differences measures of justice beliefs for self and others and then provided dried blood spot samples that were assayed for TL.
RESULTS: We expected that a belief in justice for self would be positively associated with TL, whereas a belief in justice for others would be negatively associated. A significant 3-way interaction with chronological age confirmed this hypothesis-among older African Americans, TL was positively associated with believing in justice for self, but only when this belief was accompanied by a weak endorsement of the belief in justice for others.
CONCLUSION: Findings underscore that for racial minorities, health might be best protected when justice beliefs are both endorsed and rebuffed.
Household fear of deportation in relation to chronic stressors and salivary proinflammatory cytokines in Mexican-origin families.
Background:
Sociologists recognize that immigration enforcement policies are forms of institutionalized racism that can produce adverse health effects in both undocumented and documented Latinos and Mexican-origin persons in the United States. Despite this important advancement, little research examines the relationship between fear of immigration enforcement and biobehavioral health in mixed-status Mexican-origin families. This study applies an embodiment of racism approach to examine how household fear of deportation (FOD) is related to differences in salivary proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 β , IL-6, IL-8, and TNF α ) in healthy Mexican-origin families with at least one immigrant, living in Phoenix, AZ. Participants were 111 individuals (n=46 adults, 72% female; n=65 children, 49% female) from 30 low-income, mixed-status families. During a home visit, anthropometric measures and saliva were collected from each family member and a household survey was administered. Saliva was assayed for salivary IL-1 β , IL-6, IL-8, and TNF α . Random effects multilevel structural equation models estimated the relationship between household FOD and a salivary proinflammatory cytokine latent variable between families, while controlling for other chronic stressors (economic/occupational, immigration, parental, and family conflict). Household FOD ( β =0.68, p=0.04) and family conflict chronic stress ( β =1.96, p=0.03) were strongly related to elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines between families. These results were consistent in non-mixed and mixed-status families. Future research is needed to characterize what aspects of living with an undocumented family member shape the physical health outcomes of persons with authorized status or US-citizenship.
The role of co-rumination and adrenocortical attunement in young women’s close friendships.
Background:
Attunement, or synchrony, of behavior and physiology has been well documented in family, mother-child, and romantic relationships. This study aimed to determine whether attunement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis occurs in women’s close friendships, and the role of a common social style, co-rumination in that attunement. Saliva samples (later assayed for cortisol) were collected from 37 dyads (74 individuals) during a laboratory task in which they were either asked to work together toward a common goal (control task) or discuss interpersonal problems, providing opportunity for co-rumination. Findings suggest that friends demonstrated adrenocortical attunement prior to engaging in either task, and that the level of attunement prior to the task predicted co-rumination and its components for both groups. Co-rumination, in turn, predicted adrenocortical attunement after the task. These findings suggest that bidirectional attunement of HPA activity may serve a bonding function within women’s close friendships. Implications for how these findings fit with the tend-and-befriend hypothesis are discussed.
The validity, stability, and utility of measuring uric acid in saliva.
Background: Uric acid (UA) is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, as well as a wide range of other health conditions and behaviors. A non-invasive measure of UA would be particularly useful in biobehavioral health and clinical research. We examined the validity and stability of salivary UA as a noninvasive measure of serum UA.
Methods: To interrogate the validity of salivary UA as a marker of systemic UA, we measured UA levels in blood and saliva samples collected on a single occasion from healthy adults (n=99; age 18-36 years, 54% male). We examined the serum-saliva correlation for UA and associations between salivary UA and inflammatory markers in serum and saliva, and with self-reported oral health indices. We also tested whether associations of UA with adiponectin and C-reactive protein, circulating markers of cardiovascular health, are evident in saliva. Using longitudinal data from young adults (n=182; age 18-31 years; 46% male) we examined salivary UA stability. Correlations and latent state-trait modeling examined the stability of salivary UA levels; the percent of variance in salivary UA estimates attributable to trait and state-components; and associations of the salivary UA trait component with body mass index (BMI) and sex.
Results: We found a strong positive association between salivary and serum UA. Neither the direction nor the magnitude of this association was related to total protein in saliva, blood leakage into oral fluid, proinflammatory cytokines, or biobehavioral indices of poor oral health. Results also revealed robust inverse associations between UA and adiponectin in both serum and saliva. Salivary UA levels were also highly correlated within and between assessment points 3 hours as well as 2 months apart. Advanced statistical modeling showed the majority (62-66%) of the variance in salivary UA could be attributed to a latent trait component suggesting relative stability in salivary UA levels. Furthermore, BMI and sex were associated with the stable trait-like component of salivary UA.
Conclusions: The findings demonstrate strong measurement validity and stability when UA is measured in saliva, and provide evidence supporting salivary UA as a robust indicator of systemic UA activity. These finding suggest that salivary UA could serve as a biomarker for a wide range of potential conditions and disease states.
An exploratory analysis of the joint contribution of HPA axis activation and motivation to early adolescent depressive symptoms.
Background:
This study examines the interactive contribution of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and approach-avoidance motivation systems to longitudinal changes in depressive symptoms across the adolescent transition. In the summer prior to, or fall of, 4th grade, 132 youth (68 girls; 64 boys; M age = 9.46 years) participated in a social challenge task and reported on their depressive symptoms. In the winter of 6th grade, youth completed a semi-structured interview of depression and a self-report measure of approach-avoidance motivations. Analyses revealed two profiles of risk for adolescent depressive symptoms, with some gender differences: (1) excessive disengagement, reflected in HPA underactivation along with low approach motivation or high avoidance motivation; and (2) excessive engagement, reflected in HPA overactivation along with high approach motivation. This research highlights the importance of a multi-system perspective on development, suggesting that the implications of HPA dysregulation for depressive symptoms are contingent on adolescents’ tendencies toward approach versus avoidance.
Salivary Bioscience PhD Scholarship Opportunity at the University of New South Wales, Sydney
A unique opportunity for PhD study at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, has become available. The UNSW Scientia PhD Scholarship Scheme aims to attract the best and brightest people into strategic research areas and provide them with an enhanced culture of research excellence, mentoring, career development, leadership and community, with:
* $40,000 stipend per annum, for 4 years
* 4 years of funding to complete PhD at UNSW
* Travel/support package of up to $10k per annum to support international relocation costs, career development activities
* Open to domestic and international candidates
Exceptional students interested in PhD study focused on salivary biomarkers associated with callous-unemotional traits, psychopathology and aggression can apply here: https://www.2025.unsw.edu.au/apply/scientia-phd-scholarships/salivary-hormones-risk-and-resiliency-factors-mental-illness within the Parent-Child Research Clinic that provides evidence-based assessment and Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) intervention to children with conduct problems.
The preferred higher-degree research (HDR) candidate will have exceptional critical thinking, written/oral communication, and statistical skills. Candidates with prior experience in saliva collection, extraction, and analysis are preferred. Candidates who have experience in conducting research with children and/or clinical populations are highly encouraged to apply.
Applications open May 28 2018 and deadlines are:
July 20 2018 to contact supervisors re: support
Sep 3 2018 to submit online application
Offers will be made to successful candidates from November 5 2018 on.
For more information about the UNSW Scientia PhD Scholarship Program see Frequently Asked Questions. Interested candidates please contact Associate Professor Eva Kimonis with a copy of your CV, transcript, and writing sample.
Call for Papers on Salivary Bioscience in Behavioral Medicine
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE
Letter of Intent Deadline: November 15, 2018
Facilitated by advances in salivary bioscience, great strides over the past several decades have been made in understanding how psychological and social factors “get under the skin.” Research utilizing salivary markers of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, sympathetic nervous system activation, as well as other neuroendocrine and immune processes has greatly contributed to research in behavioral medicine. This has included more precise identification of the biological pathways by which such factors influence health and disease. Behavioral medicine research increasingly integrates advanced clinical and laboratory assessments of relevant immune system and neuroendocrine markers in saliva to identify mechanisms, stress processes, and evaluate the impact of clinical intervention on physiological systems. This special call aims to highlight novel contributions of salivary bioscience to behavioral medicine with emphasis on research relevant to chronic management, the influence of psychological and social factors on disease processes and understanding stress processes. This can include observational, experimental, and intervention research. In fact, papers that document how changes in salivary levels of health-relevant biomarkers in response to behavioral interventions contribute to intervention efficacy are encouraged. Research that bridges the intersections of behavioral medicine and other areas of research (e.g., neuroscience, medical practice, nursing, public health, health psychology) are likely to make a strong contribution.
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